Category: Batteries

Everyone knows about lead-acid batteries and most are aware of lithium, but if lead-carbon still has you scratching your head, this talk is for you. With growing efforts to move away from fossil fuels, creativity in the renewable energy & battery storage sphere has resulted in the melding of age old technology in innovative ways. The addition of carbon to familiar lead-acid battery technology has delivered a low-cost and sustainable new product to the consumer battery market.

If you really enjoy a deep dive into fine grain tech, you’ll love the ‘Construction of Lead-Carbon Batteries’ section, but if you prefer to keep it a bit more general, cruise on down to the ‘Benefits of Lead-Carbon Batteries’ section.

Understanding Lead-Carbon Batteries

Lead-carbon batteries have gained prominence due to their ability to provide sustainable and cost-effective energy storage solutions. To achieve their benefits, lead-carbon batteries employ a hybrid design that combines traditional lead-acid components with high-surface-area carbon materials.

Construction of Lead-Carbon Batteries

Fig.1. Lead-carbon battery configuration. Adapted from [1]

The construction of lead-carbon batteries involves modifying current LAB (Lead-Acid Battery) technology. The incorporation of activated carbon (AC) into the negative electrode enhances charge power and transforms the lead-acid battery into a lead-carbon battery. Lead-carbon electrodes, often referred to as LCBs, consist of a carbon-enhanced bifunctional lead-carbon composite negative electrode.

Key components inside a lead-carbon battery include sponge lead dendrites and AC particles connected in the negative active mass (NAM). This intricate structure enhances power and cycle life under partial state of charge (PSoC) operation. The addition of functional carbon materials addresses sulfation issues by increasing the conductivity of negative plates and providing additional active surfaces for lead sulfate (PbSO4) particles.

The inner structure of lead-carbon negative electrodes resembles a micro-ultrabattery negative plate, addressing challenges like parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), self-discharge, and electrode expansion during charge-discharge processes. Various carbon materials, such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon nanofibers, are used as additives to enhance charge acceptance. The utilization of AC, known for its high specific capacitance, contributes to enhanced charge acceptance, even though it does not directly contribute to the capacitance of the lead-carbon electrode.

To counteract issues like parasitic HER induced by the exposure of carbon in the microstructure of lead-carbon to electrolytes, HER inhibitors (e.g., Zn, Ga, Bi, In, and Pb) are employed. A high affinity between lead and carbon components is essential for establishing a robust lead-carbon binary composite electrode. Despite the seemingly simple components, the lead-carbon composite electrode proves to be a sophisticated structure, requiring extensive research and design efforts for renewable energy storage and HEVs.

In the next section, we will delve into the mechanistic study and technological advancements of lead-carbon electrodes. Additionally, large-scale synthesis strategies of lead-carbon composite additives with potential applications in the NAM of commercial LCBs will be explored.

Fig.2. The main obstacles and considerations in lead-carbon batteries. Adapted from [1]

Benefits of Lead-Carbon Batteries

Extended Cycle Life: Lead-carbon batteries offer a significantly longer cycle life compared to traditional lead-acid batteries, incredibly close to nowadays lithium batteries really, making them a cost-effective solution in the long run.

High Charge and Discharge Rates: The incorporation of carbon materials enhances the power density of lead-carbon batteries, allowing for efficient charge and discharge operations, even under high load conditions.

Improved Performance at Low Temperatures: Lead-carbon batteries exhibit a broader operational temperature range compared to standard lead-acid and lithium LFP batteries. This versatility allows lead-carbon batteries to function in a variety of environmental conditions, making them suitable for applications with a wider temperature range.

Enhanced Efficiency and Energy Density: The hybrid design of lead-carbon batteries results in improved efficiency and energy density, contributing to their widespread adoption in renewable energy storage systems.

Electronics-Free Design: A significant advantage of lead-carbon batteries is their simplicity. Unlike modern lithium batteries that often include complex electronic components, lead-carbon batteries maintain a simple design. The lack of electronics decreases the number of things that can fail and increases reliability.

Cost-Effective Energy Storage: Lead-carbon batteries provide a great price per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of usable energy when accounting for both initial cost and expected longevity. This cost-effectiveness makes them a compelling choice for applications where optimizing the balance between performance and budget is crucial.

Environmentally Friendly: With a focus on sustainability and a recycling rate of 97%, lead-carbon batteries stand out as an environmentally friendly option, particularly when compared to the unresolved recycling challenges associated with lithium batteries.

Drawbacks of Lead-Carbon Batteries

Limited Energy Density Compared to Lithium-Ion: While lead-carbon batteries offer enhanced energy density compared to traditional lead-acid batteries, they still lag behind lithium-ion batteries in terms of energy storage capacity by size and weight.

Comparison with Lithium Iron-Phosphate Batteries

Now, let’s compare lead-carbon batteries, specifically the AGM type, with lithium iron-phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, focusing on key parameters:

When to Choose Lead-Carbon

In the rapidly evolving landscape of energy storage solutions, lead-carbon batteries (LCBs) have emerged as a formidable option, especially in stationary applications where reliability and longevity are paramount. Their extended cycle life, high charge-discharge rates, and improved performance in ranging temperatures make them a cost-effective and sustainable choice for various energy storage needs.

On the other hand, lithium iron-phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries excel in portable applications where temperature control and space constraints are critical considerations. The high energy density and compact design of LiFePO4 batteries make them ideal for powering portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, providing efficient and reliable performance in situations where size and weight matter.

Ultimately, the choice between lead-carbon and lithium iron-phosphate batteries depends on specific application requirements. Lead-carbon batteries shine in stationary setups, offering robustness and reliability, especially in higher temperature environments. Meanwhile, lithium iron-phosphate batteries carve a niche in portable and space-restricted scenarios, delivering compact and temperature-controlled power solutions. As technology advances, these two technologies will likely continue to complement each other, catering to diverse energy storage needs across different sectors.

Lead-Carbon Batteries

If you’re considering lead-carbon batteries for your system, we have a range of carbonPLUS 2V and 12V batteries available. Each product has a specification sheet if you need to delve into finer details.

carbonPLUS Range

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New Carbon Plus – 2V Battery Cell 500AH Lead Carbon

Highlights:

2V500Ah_LeadCarbon

$394.90
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New Carbon Plus – 2V Battery Cell 1000AH Lead Carbon

$785.40
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New Carbon Plus – 12V Battery 200AH Lead Carbon

Highlights:

Carbon Plus 12V 200Ah Lead-Carbon deep cycle batteries

– Higher Charge / Discharge Rates
More than double the charge rate of conventional deep cycle batteries

– Extremely long cycle life
1600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge – a lot more if you don’t cycle as deep

– Better heat tolerance
Operating temperatures of up to 60 degrees Celsius.

– Low Internal Resistance
Especially useful for off grid applications with many charge / discharge cycles throughout the course of a day

-Inhibits Sulfation
The #1 killer of deep cycle batteries

– New cells can be mixed with old to extend battery bank life
Especially useful for larger banks or modular applications

-Lower Float voltage
Increase efficiency and reduce electrolyte loss

– No maintenance
No worries

-No complex electronics

-Low self discharge

$864.60
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Out Of Stock

New Carbon Plus – 12V Battery 100AH Lead Carbon

Highlights:

Carbon Plus 12V 100Ah Lead-Carbon deep cycle batteries

– Higher Charge / Discharge Rates
More than double the charge rate of conventional deep cycle batteries

– Extremely long cycle life
1600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge – a lot more if you don’t cycle as deep

– Better heat tolerance
Operating temperatures of up to 60 degrees Celsius.

– Low Internal Resistance
Especially useful for off grid applications with many charge / discharge cycles throughout the course of a day

-Inhibits Sulfation
The #1 killer of deep cycle batteries

– New cells can be mixed with old to extend battery bank life
Especially useful for larger banks or modular applications

-Lower Float voltage
Increase efficiency and reduce electrolyte loss

– No maintenance
No worries

-No complex electronics

-Low self discharge

$434.50
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References

[1] Yin, J. Lin, H. Shi, J. et al. Lead‑Carbon Batteries toward Future Energy Storage: From Mechanism and Materials to Applications. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 5, 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-022-00134-w

In our rapidly evolving world, energy storage is a critical component of various industries, from powering electric vehicles to ensuring uninterrupted energy supply in remote locations. Among the diverse battery technologies available, three noteworthy contenders are Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) batteries, Lead-Carbon batteries, and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. 

This article delves into the unique characteristics, applications, and advantages of each technology, helping you make informed decisions about which battery type suits your specific needs.

AGM Batteries: A Dependable Classic

AGM batteries have long been a reliable choice for various applications, from uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) to marine and recreational vehicles. They utilize a glass mat separator, which is saturated with electrolyte to ensure minimal maintenance requirements and a spill-proof design. AGM batteries are known for their:

• Deep Cycling Abilities: AGM batteries can withstand deep discharge cycles without significant performance degradation, making them suitable for applications requiring frequent charging and discharging.

• Vibration Resistance: Their construction offers enhanced durability against vibrations, making them ideal for mobile applications like RVs and boats.
• Maintenance-Free Operation: Sealed design eliminates the need to add water or electrolyte, reducing maintenance efforts.

Lead-Carbon Batteries: Merging Tradition with Innovation

Lead-Carbon batteries combine the strengths of traditional lead-acid batteries with advanced carbon technology. This hybrid approach brings several advantages, making them a preferred choice for applications such as renewable energy storage and telecom backup systems. Key features of Lead-Carbon batteries include:

• Enhanced Cycle Life: Incorporating carbon technology extends battery life and improves cycle performance compared to standard lead-acid batteries.
• Fast Charging: Lead-Carbon batteries can accept higher charging currents, reducing the time required for recharging.
• Partial State of Charge Tolerance: Lead-Carbon batteries can operate efficiently even at partial states of charge, minimizing the risk of sulfation.

LiFePO4 Batteries: Pioneering Energy Density and Longevity

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries have taken the energy storage market by storm, offering high energy density, exceptional cycle life, and lightweight construction. These batteries have become the go-to choice for electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and portable electronics. Key advantages of LiFePO4 batteries include:

• High Energy Density: LiFePO4 batteries offer a high energy-to-weight ratio, allowing for more compact and lightweight designs.
• Extended Cycle Life: With thousands of charge-discharge cycles, LiFePO4 batteries outlast many other battery types, contributing to lower long-term costs.
• Safety: LiFePO4 chemistry is inherently stable, reducing the risk of thermal runaway and fire incidents associated with some other lithium-ion chemistries.

Choosing the Right Battery for Your Needs: Use Cases, Pros and Cons

AGM

Use Cases

• Recreational Vehicles: Their durability and resistance to vibrations make them suitable for powering RVs and boats.
• Backup Power: AGM batteries serve as backup power sources for critical systems like data centers and medical equipment.

Pros

• Maintenance-Free: Sealed design eliminates the need for regular maintenance and water additions.
• Deep Cycling: AGM batteries handle deep discharge cycles well, making them suitable for applications requiring frequent cycling.
• Vibration Resistance: Ideal for mobile applications due to their ability to withstand vibrations.

Cons

• Limited Energy Density: AGM batteries have lower energy density compared to some other technologies.
• Sensitive to Overcharging: Overcharging can lead to reduced battery life and potential damage.

Lead-Carbon

Use Cases

• Renewable Energy Storage: Lead-Carbon batteries are used to store energy generated by solar panels and wind turbines.
• Telecom Backup: Their fast charging and partial state of charge tolerance make them valuable for backup power in telecom systems.

Pros

• Enhanced Cycle Life: Combining lead-acid and carbon technology results in longer battery life and improved cycle performance.
• Fast Charging: Lead-Carbon batteries accept high charging currents, reducing downtime.
• Partial State of Charge Tolerance: Can operate efficiently even at partial charge levels.

Cons

• Moderate Energy Density: Lead-Carbon batteries have lower energy density compared to lithium-ion technologies.
• Weight: They tend to be heavier than some other battery types.

LiFePO4

Use Cases

• Electric Vehicles: LiFePO4 batteries power electric cars due to their high energy density and long cycle life.
• Renewable Energy Systems: They store energy from solar and wind sources for later use.
• Portable Electronics: LiFePO4 batteries are used in laptops, smartphones, and other portable devices.

Pros

• High Energy Density: LiFePO4 batteries offer excellent energy-to-weight ratio.
• Long Cycle Life: Thousands of charge-discharge cycles before significant capacity degradation.
• Safety: Stable chemistry reduces the risk of thermal runaway and fire incidents.

Cons

• Higher Cost: LiFePO4 batteries can be more expensive upfront compared to other battery types.
• Limited Voltage Range: Voltage per cell is lower than some other lithium-ion technologies, requiring more cells for certain applications.

Tailoring Your Choice to Your Needs

Selecting the appropriate battery technology involves understanding the unique benefits and limitations of AGM, Lead-Carbon, and LiFePO4 batteries. AGM batteries offer reliability and deep cycling for applications requiring constant charge-discharge cycles. Lead-Carbon batteries blend tradition with innovation, excelling in renewable energy storage and backup power scenarios. LiFePO4 batteries lead in energy density and longevity, making them ideal for electric vehicles and energy-intensive applications. By assessing your specific requirements against these technologies’ strengths and weaknesses, you can make an informed decision that aligns with your goals for efficiency, reliability, and sustainability.

DC Voltage is usually thought of as constant – You have a 12V battery, it outputs a steady Voltage, only changing gradually as it is charged and discharged.

DC ripple occurs when the Voltage of a DC system oscillates, usually only on a scale of milivolts. It can happen for a number of reasons.

• Volt droop – As you discharge a battery, the Voltage drops. Volt droop refers to the phenomenon by which the voltage drops disproportionately low under a heavier load. Say if you discharge a 12V battery from 13V down to 12V. If the load was heavy for the battery’s size and you turn it off once the battery reaches 12V, you will see the voltage come back up – maybe to 12.1, maybe to 12.5 – depending on how heavy the load is. This is not DC ripple on it’s own, but DC ripple occurs due to Voltage droop when loads are uneven – and most loads are. A 240V battery inverter will pull more power at certain points in the wave, which causes the battery Voltage to oscillate at a rate of 50Hz – too quickly to show up on a multimeter, but can be observed on an oscilloscope.
• Charging methods – Most methods of charging a battery do not provide a truly constant voltage to the battery. On the extreme end you have switch mode power supplies and PWM solar controllers which let through high Voltage pulses. Even high quality charging equipment tends to allow small ripples and smart chargers use high Voltage pulses to sense battery Voltage (still go for a 3 – stage charger if you can – the benefits far outweigh the small disadvantage).
• Rapid charge – discharge cycles. So you’re charging your batteries from solar at the same time as you’re using them. Output power isn’t constant, neither is input power, and the load includes an inverter. You have DC ripple due to the inverter power, an uneven draw, and uneven input power all at once.

So why does this matter?

Firstly, at high enough voltages, DC ripple carries similar risks to AC current. This isn’t worth worrying about with a simple 12 or 24 Volt system, but at higher Voltages it is something that professionals need to be aware of. Battery life – DC ripple basically charges and discharges your battery very fast. Whilst only at the scale of mili – or – micro – volts, these mini – cycles do add up and long term shorten the usable life of your battery. How much will depend on the type of battery and the severity of the DC ripple. Batteries with a higher internal resistance experience a greater degree of DC ripple – So lead batteries typically fare worse than lithium batteries of the same size. On the flip side, the high voltage spikes put out by PWM controllers and other cheap chargers are especially damaging to lithium batteries.

What can be done to minimize DC ripple?

• Quality charging – Avoid PWM’s if possible and go for an MPPT, use quality 240V chargers as well if possible.
• Ensure your battery bank is properly sized. Lead batteries shouldn’t be discharged faster than 0.2C, or 20% of the batteries Amp – hour capacity, i.e. if you have a 100Ah battery, you shouldn’t pull more than 20Amps from it. Lithium and lead – Carbon batteries can be discharged faster, so go for these if running heavy loads.
• You knew I was going to talk about supercapacitors. These have a much lower internal resistance than either lead or lithium batteries, and have millions of charge – discharge cycles in stead of mere thousands. With a supercapacitor in parallel with a battery bank, all of those micro – cycles go through the supercapacitor first, buffering or eliminating the DC ripple effect. This is not necessarily a cost effective solution for a small AGM battery, but on larger banks it’s a no–brainer.

The most common batteries used today in small to household – sized setups fall into two categories – Lead acid and Lithium.

Lead

Lead batteries fall into several different categories;

Flooded

Flooded lead batteries are commonly used for cranking (the battery under your bonnet is almost certainly a flooded lead – acid). They contain a liquid Sulfuric Acid electrolyte. Every time the battery is charged or discharged, some of this electrolyte degrades to form hydrogen sulfide gas, which is flammable. Flooded lead batteries can produce enough hydrogen sulfide to build up and explode, so large installations require a specialised ventillation system. Flooded lead batteries can also be spilled; The electrolyte can produce dangerous / flammable fumes depending on what it comes into contact with.

AGM / Gel

AGM and Gel batteries are different but in terms of safety they fall into the same category – Non spillable, valve regulated lead acid.AGM’s immobilise the sulfuric acid electrolyte in a special absorbent glass mat, which reduces the hydrogen sulfide produced. Gel batteries, similarly, contain a sulfuric acid electrolyte that is mixed with a gelling agent. Both of these batteries are recommended to ‘not be charged in a gas tight container’ but are safe to have in an enclosed space such as a vehicle or a building. Lead – Carbon batteries generally are also either AGM or Gel batteries in terms of electrolyte, but because of their better charge / discharge efficiency and their slightly lower operating Voltage, Hydrogen Sulfide production is even lower.

Lithiuim

There are two broad categories of lithium batteries. Lithium – Ion is the general term used for lithium – Cobalt, lithium – manganese and a few other varieties. LFP, LiFePO4, lithium – Iron (not ion), or LiFePO is the term used for Lithium Ferrous Phosphate batteries.

Lithium ion batteries have advantages in weight and charge / discharge ratings but if mismanaged present a serious fire hazard as they contain a flammable electrolyte that bacomes explosive on contact with water.

LFP batteries are comparitively very safe. They handle the heat better and last longer, but are slightly heavier. Whilst the electrolyte is technically still flammable under extreme conditions, fires starting from LFP batteries are exceedingly rare and typically only occur when a high voltage bank gets short circuited, or when battery cells are mechanically damaged and then get wet. Prismatic LFP cells are some of the safest batteries available.

Fusing

Regardless of chemistry, batteries store a lot of energy and an electrical fault caused by a short circuit or an undersized conductor can start a fire simply because of the heat produced by the current. It is essential to ensure that all cables and links are correctly sized. Anything directly connected to a battery should be fused. Single – pole fuses and isolators, by convention, go on the positive terminal of your battery, and with good reason – In a vehicle, the starter battery is earthed to the chassis, i.e. the entire body of the car is negative. This means that if your positive cable comes into contact with the body of the vehicle at any point, it can create a short circuit (in layperson’s terms, this will cause electrical current to be drawn from the battery extremely fast, producing heat, which could case a fire). Fusing any cable going to the positive terminal of a battery, as close to that terminal as possible, is therefore an essential safety measure.

In higher Voltage / stationary systems, a ‘double – pole’ fuse or magnetic circuit breaker is used and generally double – sheath cable or conduit is used between the battery and the breaker. There are strict standards on the protection equipment that can be used and installation layout for larger systems.